Comprehensive overview of consumer psychology

In-Depth Dive to Consumer Psychology

Welcome! As a marketer or business owner, you're not just selling a product or service, but engaging in a dance of decision-making and influence with your customers. Have you ever wondered what makes them choose one product over another? Or why a certain advertising campaign resonates more than others? If you're looking to unlock these secrets and more, then you're in the right place. Get ready to dive deep into the fascinating world of consumer psychology.

What is Consumer Psychology?

Welcome to the world of consumer psychology - a fancy term that ultimately focuses on the behavior of consumers and how we can influence it through psychological principles.

In the bustling marketplace of ideas, products, and services, one question often stands out for marketers and business owners like you: "What makes a consumer choose one product over another?" The answers lie deeply rooted in human nature, evolution, and the workings of our brain. And we're going to unpack all of that as we move along.

Consumer psychology is a specialized branch of psychology that focuses on understanding consumers and their behaviors. But it's more than just a dry academic field. It's a powerful tool that can provide you with valuable insights into your customers' minds. Here's what you need to know:

• Definition: At its core, consumer psychology is the study of why people buy things. It involves understanding how consumers think, feel, reason, and make decisions. It's not just about what consumers buy, but why they buy it, when and where they buy it, and how often they buy it.
• Cognitive Processes: Consumer psychology looks into the cognitive processes involved in consumers' purchasing decisions. This includes perception, learning, memory, thought, and decision-making. By understanding these processes, you can better understand how consumers interpret and respond to marketing messages.
• Emotional Factors: Emotions play a significant role in consumer behavior. Consumer psychology explores how feelings, attitudes, and preferences impact buying decisions. Whether a consumer feels joy, sadness, fear, or surprise can heavily influence their choices, and knowing this can help you create more emotionally resonant marketing campaigns.
• Social Influences: We don't make purchasing decisions in a vacuum. Social factors such as family, friends, social media, and cultural norms can greatly influence consumer behavior. Consumer psychology takes these factors into account, helping you understand how and why these influences affect consumer decisions.
• Practical Applications: Consumer psychology isn't just theory—it's a practical tool that can help you improve your marketing strategies. By understanding consumer psychology, you can create more effective marketing messages, design better products, improve your customer service, and ultimately, drive more sales.

Understanding Behavioral Patterns in Consumer Psychology

Consumer psychology, also known as consumer behavior, is characterized by various behavioral patterns. Even though it's often seen as a subtopic of marketing, it actually dictates the entire effectiveness (or un-effectiveness) of marketing as a whole.

Here's a fun fact: One of the first noted consumer psychologists was John B. Watson, who suggested that Johnson & Johnson's baby powder ads subtly play on the anxieties and insecurities commonly felt by new mothers. His technique of recognizing the emotional appeal of advertising remains a cornerstone of consumer psychology today.

Why is this important to you? Because understanding your consumer is critical to successfully selling your products on a large scale and maintaining a healthy profit margin to sustain your business.

The beauty of consumer psychology is its independence from any specific "traffic channel" or touchpoint with a human. You can influence and persuade a person through a variety of methods - from billboards, face-to-face conversations, and online ads, to landing page designs, and even minor changes in the menu of your online store.

As you can see, consumer psychology and behavior are the backbone of marketing. In this guide, we're going to delve deeper into many behavior patterns that will help you increase the conversion rate in your store.

It's important to note that consumer psychology differs slightly from neuromarketing, as it also acknowledges social and cultural disciplines.

Harnessing Attention

In the fast-paced world of online shopping, grabbing a consumer's attention is crucial. Have you heard of the '5-second rule'? No, we're not talking about dropping food on the floor. In the context of consumer psychology, this rule suggests that when a potential customer lands on your website, you have approximately five seconds to capture their attention.

This is where the concept of 'above the fold' comes into play. It's the part of your webpage that's visible without scrolling down. In this crucial area, your homepage should clearly communicate:

• What product or service you offer
• Who offers the product (that's you!)
• The unique selling proposition (USP) or advantages of your offering

Ideally, it should be immediately clear who your target group is and that the offer is tailored to them.

The principle of cognitive ease, or the availability heuristic, is also important here. Products or services whose clear benefits and advantages are immediately obvious attract our special attention. Sometimes, we even make a subconscious purchase decision, provided that we can clearly associate the offer with a specific problem-solving example and the offer feels "right, familiar and effortless".

The more easily we can relate the offer to a real-life situation, and the more feelings of happiness (thanks to dopamine release and flow experience) it triggers, the more likely it is to remain stored in our long-term memory due to the triggered emotion.

So, how can you apply these principles strategically in online sales psychology?

• Make sure your company, offer, and advantages can be clearly perceived at the first glance of the homepage (remember the 5-second rule).
• Clearly emphasize benefits/advantages and repeat them several times (see also the Mere-Exposure Effect).
• Structure content in bullet points and small paragraphs for ease of reading.
• Include a second reading path (bold, italics) to highlight key points.
• Emphasize and repeat the problem-solving competence of your offer.
• Use familiar-sounding names for your products (e.g., "Napfi - the premium gourmet dog bowl" instead of "item CXz-37y24").

Lastly, never underestimate the power of curiosity - one of the strongest emotional triggers leading to a purchase decision. When curiosity is awakened, it can powerfully motivate us to take certain actions.

Strategically, you can evoke curiosity in online sales psychology by:

• Using words and phrases that trigger curiosity (e.g., "mystery," "surprising," "remarkable").
• Crafting headlines that generate curiosity while avoiding clumsy and exaggerated click baiting. Ensure the headlines are relevant to the content and meet the reader's expectations.
• Offering a newsletter account with "exclusive inside information" in exchange for an email address as a lead magnet.
• Posing clever questions in the content ("Did you know that...?", "What would you do if...?").

Remember, curiosity as a trigger only works if a minimum amount of information is already known to the reader.

Product Evaluation

Product evaluation is a crucial step in the consumer decision-making process. It's the stage where consumers assess the value of a product or service and decide whether it's worth their investment. There are several behavioral patterns and cognitive biases at play during this process, and understanding them can drastically improve your marketing strategies. Let's delve into some of these patterns:

The Decoy Effect

Imagine you're presented with two purchasing options, A and B, and you're finding it tough to choose. You're more inclined to opt for the lower-priced option A. But what if a third, disproportionately expensive option C was introduced? Suddenly, the mid-range option B seems more attractive. This cognitive bias is called the Decoy Effect.

The Decoy Effect can be strategically applied in online sales psychology in several ways:

• Presenting products clearly in a tabular format, comparing features and price to enhance user experience.
• Using the Decoy Effect in email marketing, where you first offer the inexpensive product A, then the overpriced product C, and finally the attractive product B.
• Remember, don't compare too many options (max. 5), to avoid overwhelming the potential buyer.

Framing Effect

Framing refers to how different presentations of the same message can influence the recipient's behavior. Strategic applications in online sales psychology include:

• Using persuasive language to frame the features and benefits of a product in a positive way.
• Setting a positive frame for sold-out products, such as "available again for you in 3 days" instead of "sold out".
• Setting price frames by comparing the cost to everyday expenses.

Remember, framing always takes place - consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, it's crucial to analyze your website for possible framing potential.

Price-Performance Illusion

Most consumers no longer believe that a high price necessarily equals good quality. However, we subconsciously tend to opt for the more expensive product because we attach greater value to it.

Strategic applications in online sales psychology include:

• Upgrading the perceived usefulness of a product without changing its characteristics.
• Using seals of approval and other trust symbols to increase perceived value.
• Focusing on target groups willing to pay more for the same product.
• Leveraging magic words that increase perceived value: Premium, luxury, handmade, exquisite, selected, distinguished, exclusive, etc.
• Consider the "Country-of-Origin" effect.

The Presence Effect - WYSIATI

The WYSIATI effect (What You See Is All There Is) demonstrates that we make decisions based on the information available to us. Strategic applications in online sales psychology include:

• Raising awareness of problems and using simple, pictorial language (storytelling) to impact on an emotional level.
• Using customer ratings and reviews to make it easier for customers to visualize the product.
• Creating "nudges" - subtle nudges that encourage the customer to behave in a way that is beneficial to them.

The Power of Aesthetics

When it comes to website design, first impressions count. Aesthetic visualization of the functional aspects of the offer significantly increases their perceived value and enhances persuasiveness. Improving the aesthetics of a website can be a cheaper and more efficient way to enhance the perceived value of a product than improving the product itself.

Price Evaluation

Let's dive into the world of price evaluation - a critical aspect of consumer psychology that plays a significant role in influencing purchasing decisions. Here, we'll explore some key concepts and strategies that you can apply in your business to effectively engage and influence your customers.

Anchor Prices

Anchor prices are an incredibly powerful tool that can steer customer behavior. They help customers attribute a higher value to an offer, making them willing to pay a higher price. Here's the kicker - the level of the anchor price can be set quite arbitrarily by the supplier. Once the customer perceives the anchor price, it becomes a reference value for all comparable products in the same category.

How can you apply this in online sales psychology?

Here are some tips:

• Display strike prices or recommended retail prices (RRP) before the sales price. (Be mindful of unfair competition in case of permanent strike prices!)
• Place high numbers immediately before the selling price (like item numbers, weight information, number of customer reviews, available prices).
• Use the decoy effect with option A,B,C where A and C serve as anchor prices for B.
• Mention high-priced premium products first, rather than special offers (see primacy effect).
• Show comparable cross-selling offers with significantly higher prices.
• Limit the purchase quantity to encourage customers to buy more units (hoarding effect).
• Use shipping terms as anchor price: "Free shipping from 100 Euro order value".
• Add shipping costs to the total price only at the end of the order process.
• Increase the price of predecessor models that will soon be withdrawn from the market to increase the perceived reference value for the current model.

Charm Price Effect

Prices ending in 9 are usually perceived as cheaper than rounded prices. However, the Charm Price Effect doesn't work predictably in all product niches and with all buyers. Especially in the higher-priced segment and in the case of emotional spontaneous purchases, the effect of the final digit 9 diminishes or can be counterproductive. The product should not be perceived as "cheap". Prices, where the first digit is lower, lead to a significantly increased conversion rate.

Strategies to apply this in your business include:

• Drop prices and RRP can be slick (RRP: 20.00 euros, now only 14.99).
• Round up coupons, gift cards, and discounts to smooth prices. These should be perceived as high quality as possible (10 euros discount instead of 9.99 on their gift card code).

Adaptation Level Theory

Adaptation level theory is the foundation for all psychological studies on anchoring or anchor pricing. According to this theory, when we evaluate the price of an offer, we don't just look at the product in isolation. Subconsciously, the prices in the environment also flow into the calculation.

Here's how you can use this in online sales psychology:

• For online catalogs and price comparison websites in default mode, put the offers in an order where high-priced products are put first as a reference value.
• In e-commerce, point out higher-priced alternative products in the customer journey before adding them to the shopping cart.

Magnitude Priming

Magnitude priming strategy is based on the adaptation level theory and the anchor price effect. It involves using numerical values and parameters such as article numbers, order codes, etc., that are not related to the sales price but nevertheless immediately precede it.

Strategies for application in online sales psychology include:

• Make strike prices and MSRP visually larger than the retail price.
• Prices that are perceived as particularly favorable should be marked in the smallest possible font size and thin line width.
• Use subtle shades of gray, instead of black or red font.

Reframing with the Price-Sandwich Tactic

This strategy is mainly used for annual subscriptions. Instead of highlighting the total price of the product, the emphasis is placed on the much lower price for the monthly installment. This approach even works for consumer loans for consumer goods, where the total monthly installments are higher than the total price for direct payment.

Remember, all these strategies are nuanced and can have different effects depending on the specifics of your product, audience, and market. It's always a good idea to carry out thorough A/B testing to validate your assumptions and fine-tune your pricing strategy.

Convincing

This concept is based on several psychological phenomena and principles, which we can effectively apply to online sales strategies. Let's take a closer look.

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance, a term coined by psychologist Leon Festinger, arises when there's a mismatch between our beliefs and our behavior. Here, our natural tendency is to reduce this discomfort, not necessarily by changing our actions, but often by adjusting our beliefs or attitudes.

• Impact on decision making: Cognitive dissonance pushes us to reconcile our beliefs with our behaviors. In doing so, we may:
• Diminish the importance of the conflicting belief.
• Introduce new beliefs that align with our behavior, creating a consistent belief system.
• Modify an existing belief to match our actions.
• Application in online sales strategy:
• Marketers can leverage cognitive dissonance by presenting their product as highly desirable, rare, or of exceptional quality. Tactics to create cognitive dissonance may include promoting a premium price or scarcity (time or quantity-based), offering limited access, or leveraging discounts and promotions.
• A/B testing can be used to identify incentives that may deter customers from buying a particular product.

Disrupt-then-Reframe

This method is a persuasive technique that involves initially confusing the user, then clarifying the confusion, leading to a sense of relief and greater openness to persuasion.

• Impact on decision making:
• Confusion (Disrupt): Introduce surprising, disruptive information that breaks established norms. This can overload our slow, conscious thought process (System 2), inducing a state of confusion.
• Explanation (Reframe): Once the initial confusion has settled, reframe the information in a clearer, more easily digestible form. This brings into play our fast, intuitive thought process (System 1).
• Suggestion: Provide a logical conclusion that makes the offer seem irreplaceable.
• Application in online sales psychology:
• Use unusual or counterintuitive wording to cause confusion, then clarify with the advantages offered by the product or service, followed by a compelling suggestion to purchase.
• This method is often paired with unconventional language or phrasing to stimulate interest and curiosity.

Base Rate Fallacy

Base rate fallacy, or base rate neglect, is a cognitive error where people incorrectly judge the probability of an event by ignoring the base rates and focusing on specific information, often resulting in overpaying.

• Impact on decision making: This fallacy results in people overestimating the value of a product or service based on specific information, while ignoring the broader context.
• Application in online sales psychology:
• Reframe percentages and numbers to highlight the positives.
• Make abstract cost figures or proportions relatable with vivid examples.
• Use higher values to shape perception, even if they may be unattractive on their own.

Belief Bias

Belief bias refers to the tendency to accept information that aligns with our existing beliefs and reject information that conflicts.

• Impact on decision making: Our interpretation of reality is largely subjective. If information seems plausible, is conveyed authentically, and is from a trustworthy source, we tend to accept it as correct.
• Application in online sales psychology:
• Authority figures or supposed quality markers (such as 'Made in Germany' or 'Wine from France') can enhance belief bias.
• A single, well-crafted testimonial can be more impactful than multiple less-detailed ones.
• The product's benefits should be communicated in terms of how it improves the customer's life, rather than focusing solely on the product's features.
• An over-exaggerated presentation of a product's advantages can garner positive attention if done skillfully. However, if an offer seems too good to be true, it can increase distrust among customers.

Reciprocity, or the "tit for tat" principle, is rooted in our sense of morality and justice. When someone does us a favor, we subconsciously feel in debt and try to reciprocate with a favor of our own.

• Impact on decision making: This principle of reciprocity in sociology and psychology induces a sense of obligation to repay a favor or kindness received.
• Strategic application in online sales psychology:
• Gifts, discount coupons, free samples, free ebooks, and consulting services can trigger a sense of reciprocity.
• Surprising the customer with unexpected gifts or bonuses can enhance the effect of reciprocity.
• Personal interaction, like a 20-minute free initial consultation, can increase reciprocity and subsequent willingness to buy.
• Business models that rely on donations or crowdfunding platforms like Patreon or GoFundMe invoke the principle of reciprocity.
• Freemium models bank on the fact that a proportion of users will become paying customers due to the obligation to reciprocate.

Reactance

Reactance is the negative reaction we feel when we believe our freedom of choice is being restricted. It is typically accompanied by a sense of defiance and the urge to rebel against the restriction.

• Impact on decision making: When faced with limited choices or high pressure, individuals may react defiantly, refusing to comply or choosing an option simply to assert their autonomy.
• Strategic application in online sales psychology:
• Offering multiple options to choose from can mitigate the reactance caused by a lack of alternatives.
• Allowing for critical customer reviews and opinions and not censoring them can make your business seem more credible.
• Verbal challenges or provocations can trigger reactance, especially when they question the individual's abilities or daring.
• Exclusivity can create reactance: limited access or strict entry criteria can make a product or service more desirable.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

The foot-in-the-door technique is a persuasion strategy where a customer is initially asked for a small favor or commitment, making them more likely to agree to a larger request later on.

• Impact on decision making: Once an individual has agreed to a smaller request, they are more likely to comply with a larger request to maintain behavioral consistency.
• Strategic application in online sales psychology:
• The entire customer journey should be designed to move the customer from a small favor (like signing up for a free newsletter) to purchasing a premium product.
• Online fashion stores can send a collection of coordinated garments when a customer orders one item, offering the chance to buy the additional items or return them for free.
• Free trials of subscription-based services can be offered in exchange for credit card details, with the subscription automatically continuing unless the customer actively cancels it.

Door-in-the-Face Technique

The door-in-the-face technique is a persuasion strategy where a large request is made first, expecting it to be refused. A smaller, more reasonable request is then made, which is more likely to be accepted.

• Impact on decision making: A large initial request can make a subsequent smaller request seem more reasonable by comparison, increasing the likelihood of compliance.
• Strategic application in online sales psychology:
• The door-in-the-face technique is ideal for downselling, where an expensive product serves primarily as a high-priced anchor.
• In "Shop-the-Look" Ecommerce stores, a complete outfit is initially suggested as a bundle, followed by individual items from the bundle.
• Subscription models can first present a "large package" with long contract terms, followed by a smaller package with significant discounts or shorter terms.

Decision Making

Understanding user behavior and psychology can significantly improve user engagement and boost sales. Let's dive deeper into some key concepts that influence user behavior patterns in decision-making.

Cognitive Ease

Cognitive ease is a state of comfort, fluency, and familiarity that can trigger a flow state, leading to an increased likelihood of purchase. When users feel "at home" on your website, they navigate with ease and are more likely to make a purchase. Conversely, when a site demands more attention, the rational mind activates, leading to more alertness and critical thinking, which might impact purchasing decisions.

Strategies to promote cognitive ease in online sales include:

• Prioritize conventional web design and user-friendly navigation. Usability should never be compromised for experimentation.
• Ensure clarity of content. Avoid contradictory information and ambiguous product claims.
• Positive mood influence. Use copywriting and imagery to create a positive mood or offer tangible solutions.
• Easy to understand language. Use simple, pictorial language with lots of adjectives to describe product features and benefits.
• Use easy-to-remember product names, like "Ebony ACYL Safety Razor".
• Communicate clearly about discounts and pricing. Avoid asking the customer to do the calculations.
• Use concise URLs for subpages, such as **https://www.wldoho.eu/collections/shaving-accessories**. Avoid short URLs for tracking purposes as they may create mistrust.
• Promote a minimalist design. The more straightforward the homepage, the more it promotes cognitive ease.

Fear of Loss

The fear of loss is a strong psychological trigger that can drive purchasing decisions. Strategies to leverage this trigger in online sales include:

• Time-bound special offers. Use countdown timers and "Black Friday offers" to provoke fear of loss.
• Critical inventory messages. Create buying pressure by indicating low stock.
• Fear-inducing price quotes. Frame discounts or potential profits as fear of loss, e.g., "The discount code is valid for 24 hours".
• Limited visibility for coupon codes. Only show the input mask for coupon codes when valid ones are offered.

Shortage

Shortage or scarcity can also influence purchasing decisions. Tactics to create an artificial shortage include:

• Artificial scarcity of supply. Limit the number of available products or the selling period.
• Inventory messages with social proof. For example, "only 1 room left, 12 people are currently looking at the offer".
• Time-limited flash sales. Use countdown timers in combination with social proof for strong effects.
• Building a 'cult' around artificial scarcity. Companies like Apple and Tesla effectively use this tactic during new product launches.

Remember to avoid making scarcity too transparent or overly recurring as it can reduce its effectiveness.

Halo Effect

The halo effect is when a dominant feature overshadows the perception of all other features. To leverage this effect:

• Ensure a high-quality website design. A professional-looking website appears competent and trustworthy.
• Use high-quality images. This significantly emphasizes the halo effect.
• Repeatedly highlight positive attributes. This can be done at all communication levels (homepage, product descriptions, newsletters, etc.).
• Use good-looking models. But beware of the vampire effect where the viewer focuses more on the model than the product or message.

Hick's Law

According to Hick's Law, the time it takes to make a decision increases with the number of options. To use this law strategically:

• Keep the user experience simple and short (KISS principle). Guide the user to their goal with cognitive ease.
• Use default settings and intelligent search engines to guide the visitor's purchasing behavior.
• Reduce the product selection in the default setting.
• Break down complex steps into smaller decision units.
• Simplify the payment process. For example, One Click Buy or PayPal options.

In conclusion, understanding these behavior patterns and applying the related strategies can significantly enhance the decision-making process, improving user engagement, and boosting sales.

Closing

In the realm of consumer psychology, the behavior pattern referred to as "Closing" integrates various principles and tactics to facilitate a consumer's journey towards making a purchase. These psychological principles, when utilized strategically, can increase the chances of consumers proceeding with a transaction or completing an action on a website or platform.

Commitment and Consistency

Commitment and Consistency is a concept drawn from Robert Cialdini's seminal work, Influence (1984). This principle hinges on the fact that we, as humans, desire to appear consistent in our behavior and decisions. This consistent behavior signals rationality, predictability, and trustworthiness to our peers.

Commitment and consistency can be harnessed in online sales psychology in several ways:

• Facilitating a gentle introduction to an offer. For example, using softer Call To Action (CTA) phrases like "Learn More" instead of an aggressive "Buy Now".
• Implementing sales funnels built on the principle of consistency. This could include a progression from sharing an email address to purchasing an inexpensive entry-level product, and finally to investing in high-margin, high-priced premium products.
• Reinforcing the consistency of the customer's decision during the check-out process, reducing shopping cart abandonment.
• Incorporating copywriting techniques that prompt consistent behavior until the purchase is made.

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias is a cognitive bias where individuals filter out information that contradicts their existing beliefs, thus only considering information that reinforces their viewpoint.

Ways to leverage confirmation bias in online sales psychology include:

• Emphasizing the product's benefits through repetition during the checkout process.
• Designing exit pop-ups that remind customers of their decision to buy and highlight the product's features and advantages.
• Using customer profiling to create messages with psychological triggers that resonate with the customer's values and beliefs.

Control Illusion

The Control Illusion pertains to the human tendency to believe that we can influence random events through our actions.

Strategic applications in online sales psychology include:

• Offering customers choices during the ordering process to give them a sense of control.
• Adding pseudo-features that boost both the illusion of control and the perceived value of the product.
• Ensuring essential information that supports the purchase process is easily accessible and always in the same location on every webpage.

Action Bias

Action Bias is the inclination to take action, even when it is unnecessary or counterproductive.

This principle can be applied in online sales psychology through:

• Crafting CTAs as real calls to action like "Order now," or "Yes, I want to know more right now!".
• Using direct and clear calls to action in combination with phrases that indicate a limited offer, thereby triggering immediate action.

Zeigarnik Effect

The Zeigarnik Effect suggests that we have a tendency to finish tasks we've started, and incomplete tasks continue to occupy our subconscious.

Applications of the Zeigarnik Effect in online sales psychology might include:

• Using "Open Loops" in sales texts and e-mail marketing. This technique involves starting a story or presenting an idea and not resolving it until the end of the text.
• Implementing progress bars in the checkout process to encourage customers to complete their order.
• Ensuring that the checkout process is transparent and easy to understand, thereby reducing the likelihood of abandoned carts.

By understanding and employing these behavior patterns and principles, businesses can enhance their online sales strategies, improve conversion rates, and foster customer satisfaction.

Key Takeaways

1. By creating an exclusive community around your product or service, you can directly appeal to customers and make them feel special. Utilizing scarcity can also create a sense of urgency, prompting customers to make immediate purchases.
2. Showcasing images that visually depict how your product or service can transform customers' lives could be more effective than lengthy product descriptions. Invest in high-quality visuals to create a compelling product narrative.
3. Emotional targeting is a potent customer retention strategy. By understanding and leveraging cognitive biases that influence decision-making, you can significantly affect the duration and frequency of product use.
4. The tactics associated with anchor pricing, the decoy effect, framing effect, and magnitude priming can help you craft a persuasive pricing strategy that encourages purchases.
5. Gradually involving the customer in smaller commitments can lead them towards bigger ones. This step-by-step involvement nurtures their consistency in decision-making, eventually guiding them towards the final purchase and reducing shopping cart abandonment.
6. Giving your customers choices during their purchasing journey can provide an illusion of control, leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
7. Utilizing strategic CTAs that elicit immediacy can leverage consumers' tendency towards taking action. Similarly, using the Zeigarnik Effect can ensure consumers feel compelled to